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Cholinergic Precursors Compared: Alpha-GPC and Citicoline in the Literature
Human plasma after oral citicoline carries uridine, not cytidine, which is the reverse..
Methylene Blue: The First Fully Synthetic Drug and Its Second Life in the Laboratory
Synthesised in 1876 as a dye for cotton, methylene blue became the first..
AMPA Receptor Modulation: What Ampakines Do at the Molecular Level
A 2002 structure of GluR2 showed that stabilising the dimer interface reduces desensitisation...
From Piracetam to Aniracetam: What an Anisoyl Group Actually Changes
Swapping piracetam's acetamide arm for a 4-methoxybenzoyl substituent changes the nitrogen count, the..
The Racetams and Their Missing Mechanism: Fifty Years Without a Consensus
A 1994 review of 407 papers reported no accepted mechanism for the racetams...
Adamantane Chemistry: The Diamond Cage Behind Bromantane
A ten-carbon hydrocarbon that melts above 540 K, sublimes instead of boiling, and..
The Racetam Skeleton: Why 2-Oxo-1-Pyrrolidine Acetamide Became a Chemical Family
A five-membered lactam and a short acetamide arm are all that define the..
Modafinil and the Dopamine Transporter: What Imaging Studies Showed
A 1994 paper reported low-affinity binding at the dopamine uptake site; PET imaging..
Bromantane’s Dual Profile: Actoprotector Research from the Soviet Era
Forty-five of the fifty-six PubMed records naming this compound in the title carry..
Chlodantane: The Adamantane Analogue Almost Nobody Has Characterised
A PubMed search for chlodantane returns a single Russian-language record from 1999, against..
Measurement Uncertainty on a Certificate
A primary benzoic acid standard is certified at 999.92 mg/g with an expanded..
Glycation and Advanced Glycation End Products
The chemistry that browns food also runs inside long-lived proteins. What differs is..